Breadfruit, however, was spread by humans. Mangrove species also spread by their seeds floating to other places. Before humans became sea-borne, coconut palms spread from island to island by coconuts falling or washing into the sea and coming ashore elsewhere by floating on the sea. In this part 61C, marine biogeography includes aspects of island life, since oceanic birds, the seal family, sea turtles, a species of iguana (a vegetarian, reported by Darwin), and crabs eat marine life, but come ashore to reproduce, as do species in the Laticauda genus of marine snakes. He edited it and wrote chapters 1–2 and co-authored chapter 3. Ladd's Paleoecology (1957) is likely the first synthesis of this subject. Hedgpeth wrote a historical introductory chapter and chapter 13 on marine biogeography. Geological Society of America, Washington, D.C., edited volume II: Paleoecology (viii + 1077 pages). Marine biologist Joel Hedgpeth, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, edited volume I: Ecology (viii + 1296 pages) geologist Harry Ladd, U.S.

In 1957, the Geological Society of America published as its Memoir 67, a 2-volume encyclopedia-Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology-the culmination of planning and work that began in 1940, sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences. Oceans cover two-thirds of the world, yet the vast majority of studies in biogeography and paleobiogeography have concerned terrestrial subjects, since they were more accessible than marine subjects.

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